A Great Day in Harlem (Harlem 1958)

A Great Day in Harlem or Harlem 1958 is a black-and-white photograph of 57 jazz musicians in Harlem, New York, taken by freelance photographer Art Kane for Esquire magazine on August 12, 1958. Jean Bach, a radio producer of New York, recounted the story behind the photograph in her 1994 documentary film, A Great Day in Harlem.

Musicians featured in photo:

Red Allen, Buster Bailey, Count Basie, Emmett Berry, Art Blakey, Lawrence Brown, Scoville Browne, Buck Clayton, Bill Crump, Vic Dickenson, Roy Eldridge, Art Farmer, Bud Freeman, Dizzy Gillespie, Tyree Glenn, Benny Golson, Sonny Greer, Johnny Griffin, Gigi Gryce, Coleman Hawkins, J.C. Heard, Jay C. Higginbotham, Milt Hinton, Chubby Jackson, Hilton Jefferson, Osie Johnson, Hank Jones, Jo Jones, Jimmy Jones, Taft Jordan, Max Kaminsky, Gene Krupa, Eddie Locke, Marian McPartland, Charles Mingus, Miff Mole, Thelonious Monk, Gerry Mulligan, Oscar Pettiford, Rudy Powell, Luckey Roberts, Sonny Rollins, Jimmy Rushing, Pee Wee Russell, Sahib Shihab, Horace Silver, Zutty Singleton, Stuff Smith, Rex Stewart, Maxine Sullivan, Joe Thomas, Wilbur Ware, Dickie Wells, George Wettling, Ernie Wilkins, Mary Lou Williams, Lester Young

The Jamaican Maroons are descendants of Africans who freed themselves from slavery in Jamaica and established communities in the island’s mountainous interior . The term “maroon” is derived from the Spanish word “cimarrón,” meaning “wild” or “untamed” . These communities were formed primarily in the eastern parishes of Jamaica .

The Maroons played a significant role in resisting British colonial rule and the institution of slavery . They used various strategies to maintain their freedom, including escaping to remote parts of the island and establishing communities that were difficult for the British to access . The Maroons were divided into two main groups based on their location: the Windward Maroons in the east and the Leeward Maroons in the west .

The Maroons signed treaties with the British colonial authorities in the 18th century, which granted them land and autonomy in exchange for peace and support against external enemies . However, tensions between the Maroons and the British continued, leading to conflicts such as the First Maroon War (c. 1728 to 1740) and the Second Maroon War (1795 to 1796) .

The legacy of the Jamaican Maroons is celebrated through cultural events and festivals, such as the Maroon Festival, which honors their heritage and contributions to Jamaican history . Notable figures among the Maroons include Nanny of the Maroons, a national hero and spiritual leader .

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

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Nanny of the Maroons, also known as Queen Nanny or Granny Nanny, was a Jamaican revolutionary and leader of the Jamaican Maroons. Born around 1686, she was of Asante origin from modern-day Ghana . Nanny led a community of formerly enslaved Africans, known as the Windward Maroons, in the eastern part of Jamaica .

Nanny is celebrated for her exceptional leadership and military skills. She played a crucial role in the First Maroon War (1720-1739), where the Maroons used guerrilla warfare tactics to resist British colonial forces . The Maroons attributed their success to Nanny’s strategic prowess and her reputed supernatural abilities .

In 1740, the British signed a treaty with the Maroons, granting them land and autonomy in exchange for peace . Nanny and her followers were given 500 acres of land, where they established the village of Moore Town, which still exists today . Nanny’s legacy is honored in Jamaica, where she is the only female national hero and her image appears on the Jamaican $500 note .

Nanny’s story is a blend of documented history and oral tradition, making her a symbol of resistance and resilience for the Maroon people and Jamaica as a whole . If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

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The First Maroon War, which took place from around 1720 to 1739, was a significant conflict between the Jamaican Maroons and the British colonial authorities. The war was primarily fought by the Windward Maroons, led by Nanny of the Maroons, and the Leeward Maroons, led by other prominent leaders such as Cudjoe.

The significance of the First Maroon War lies in several key aspects:

1. Resistance to Slavery: The Maroons were formerly enslaved Africans who had escaped and established independent communities in the mountainous regions of Jamaica. Their resistance against the British colonial forces was a powerful symbol of the fight against slavery and oppression.

2. Guerrilla Warfare: The Maroons employed guerrilla warfare tactics, using their knowledge of the terrain to launch surprise attacks and evade capture. This made it difficult for the British to defeat them and showcased the effectiveness of unconventional warfare.

3. Treaty of 1739: The war culminated in the signing of a treaty between the British and the Maroons in 1739. The treaty granted the Maroons land and autonomy in exchange for peace and their assistance in capturing runaway slaves. This treaty was significant as it recognized the Maroons as a distinct and autonomous group within Jamaica.

4. Legacy of Freedom: The First Maroon War established the Maroons as a resilient and formidable force in Jamaican history. Their successful resistance and subsequent autonomy became a source of inspiration for future generations and contributed to the cultural heritage of Jamaica.

Overall, the First Maroon War was a pivotal event that highlighted the Maroons’ determination to maintain their freedom and resist colonial oppression. If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_of_the_Maroons

The treaty signed in 1739 between the Jamaican Maroons and the British colonial authorities had several significant impacts:

1. Recognition and Autonomy: The treaty officially recognized the Maroons as a distinct and autonomous group within Jamaica. It granted them land and the right to govern themselves, which was a major achievement for the Maroons as it acknowledged their independence and sovereignty.

2. Land Allocation: The Maroons were given specific areas of land to settle and cultivate. This land allocation allowed them to establish permanent communities and develop their own social and economic systems.

3. Peace and Stability: The treaty brought an end to the First Maroon War, leading to a period of relative peace and stability. The Maroons agreed to cease hostilities and assist the British in capturing runaway slaves, which helped to reduce conflict and tension on the island.

4. Cultural Preservation: The treaty enabled the Maroons to preserve their unique cultural heritage and traditions. With their autonomy and land, they were able to maintain their distinct way of life, including their language, customs, and spiritual practices.

5. Legacy of Resistance: The successful negotiation of the treaty and the recognition of the Maroons’ autonomy became a powerful symbol of resistance and resilience. It demonstrated the Maroons’ ability to negotiate and secure their rights, inspiring future generations and contributing to the cultural heritage of Jamaica.

Overall, the treaty of 1739 had a profound impact on the Maroons and Jamaican society, establishing the Maroons as a recognized and autonomous group and contributing to the island’s cultural and historical legacy. If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_of_the_Maroons

The Second Maroon War, which occurred between 1795 and 1796, was a significant and tumultuous period in Jamaican history. Unlike the First Maroon War, which involved all Maroons across the island, the Second Maroon War primarily involved the Maroons of Trelawny Town .

The conflict was sparked by the public flogging of two Maroons accused of stealing pigs. This act, executed by a black slave under British orders, sparked outrage within Trelawny Town . The Maroons felt deeply humiliated and betrayed, as they were fiercely protective of their autonomy and justice system guaranteed by the treaty of 1739 . Decades of simmering tensions had been fueled by encroachments on Maroon lands, restrictions on their traditional activities like hunting and farming, and disputes over territorial boundaries .

The eruption of open rebellion saw the Trelawny Town Maroons employing guerrilla tactics honed over generations of resistance . Their intimate knowledge of the challenging Cockpit Country terrain, a labyrinth of limestone hills and caves, provided a strategic advantage . They launched coordinated attacks, inflicting significant losses on British forces and disrupting the plantation economy .

Initially, British efforts to quell the uprising were ineffective . The leadership succession, from Colonel James Guthrie to Colonel William Fitch and eventually to Major General Walpole, reflected the challenges faced by the colonial authorities . It was Lieutenant Thomas Craskell’s meticulous mapping expedition of the Cockpit Country that shifted the tide . His comprehensive documentation of the terrain enabled British forces to anticipate Maroon movements and establish strategic outposts, gradually turning the tide against the rebels .

Despite fierce resistance, the Maroons’ ability to resist dwindled as British forces gained strategic advantages and cut off their supply lines . The war ended in a bloody stalemate, with the British fielding 5,000 troops and militia, which outnumbered the Maroons ten to one . The mountainous and forested topography of Jamaica proved ideal for guerrilla warfare .

The Second Maroon War resulted in a less favorable outcome for the Maroons, with numerous families enduring the harsh fate of deportation to Nova Scotia . Others remained to pick up the pieces and adjust to the new realities of a failed war .

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

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The Jamaican Maroons who were deported to Nova Scotia in 1796 were primarily from Trelawny Town. This deportation occurred after the Second Maroon War, which was a conflict between the Maroons and the British colonial authorities in Jamaica .

The British decided to exile the Maroons to Nova Scotia as a way to rid themselves of the anti-slavery freedom fighters who were proving difficult to control . Up to 600 men, women, and children were placed on ships and sent to Nova Scotia . The Maroons arrived in Nova Scotia in June 1796 and were initially allotted land, homes, and schools to help them assimilate . However, the harsh winters and unfamiliar weather conditions made life difficult for the Maroons, and many were determined to leave .

The Maroons’ stay in Nova Scotia was relatively short-lived, lasting only four years. In August 1800, more than 500 Maroons left Halifax aboard the HMS Asia, bound for Freetown, Sierra Leone in Africa . Despite their brief stay, the legacy of the Maroons remains alive in Nova Scotia through place names, their bloodlines, and their contributions to the building of the region .

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

(https://jamaicatimeline.com/history/maroon-2ndwar.html)
(https://jamaicatimeline.com/history/maroon-2ndwar.html)

The Jamaican Maroons made several notable contributions during their time in Nova Scotia, despite their relatively short stay from 1796 to 1800. Upon their arrival, the Maroons were initially settled in Halifax, where they played a significant role in the construction and development of the area.

One of their major contributions was their work on the fortifications of the Halifax Citadel. The Maroons were involved in building the third Citadel, and a part of the fortifications was named “Maroon Bastion” in their honor . They also helped in the construction of Government House, which served as the residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . Additionally, the Maroons were employed in various other tasks, such as clearing land for roads and working as general laborers .

The Maroons’ military heritage and skills were recognized and appreciated by the British authorities. They were organized into a militia unit and contributed to the defense of the colonyColony A country, region or territory under the political control of another country and or a territory or region occupied by settlers from that country or another foreign land. . The Maroon women and children also played a role in the community by gathering fruits and berries and growing vegetables for sale at the Halifax market .

Despite the challenges they faced, including the harsh winters and attempts to convert them to Christianity, the Maroons left an enduring legacy in Nova Scotia. Their contributions to the construction and development of Halifax, as well as their cultural impact, are still remembered today .

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

: The Maroons – Halifax Citadel National Historic Site – Parks Canada.

The migration of the Jamaican Maroons to Sierra Leone in 1800 had several significant impacts on both the Maroons and the developing colony of Sierra Leone.

Upon their arrival, the Maroons joined the existing population of freed African Americans and liberated slaves who had settled in Freetown, Sierra Leone. This diverse group of settlers, including the Maroons, played a crucial role in the development of the Sierra Leone Creole people and culture . The Maroons brought with them their unique cultural heritage, military skills, and leadership qualities, which contributed to the social and political landscape of the colony .

The Maroons’ military expertise was particularly valuable in the defense and governance of the colony. They were organized into a militia unit and played a key role in maintaining order and protecting the settlement from external threats . Their presence and contributions helped to stabilize the colony and establish a sense of security among the settlers .

Culturally, the Maroons’ traditions and practices merged with those of the other settlers, enriching the cultural tapestry of Sierra Leone. Over time, the Maroons integrated into the larger Creole community, and their descendants became an integral part of Sierra Leonean society . The Maroons’ legacy is still evident in the cultural and historical heritage of Sierra Leone today .

Overall, the migration of the Jamaican Maroons to Sierra Leone had a lasting impact on the colony’s development, contributing to its defense, governance, and cultural diversity .

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

: Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone – Wikipedia.

The Jamaican Maroons had a significant influence on the development of Sierra Leone after their migration in 1800. Their contributions can be seen in various aspects of the colony’s growth and evolution.

Firstly, the Maroons brought their military expertise and organizational skills to Sierra Leone. They were organized into a militia unit and played a crucial role in maintaining order and defending the colony from external threats. Their presence helped stabilize the colony and provided a sense of security among the settlers.

Secondly, the Maroons’ cultural heritage and traditions enriched the social fabric of Sierra Leone. They integrated into the existing population of freed African Americans and liberated slaves, contributing to the development of the Sierra Leone Creole people and culture. Their unique customs, practices, and leadership qualities merged with those of the other settlers, creating a diverse and vibrant community.

Additionally, the Maroons’ skills in agriculture and construction were valuable to the colony’s development. They contributed to the building of infrastructure and the cultivation of land, helping to establish a sustainable and productive environment. Their efforts in these areas supported the growth and prosperity of the colony.

Overall, the Jamaican Maroons played a vital role in the early development of Sierra Leone, contributing to its defense, governance, and cultural diversity. Their legacy is still evident in the cultural and historical heritage of Sierra Leone today.

If you have any more questions or need further information, feel free to ask! 😊

: Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone – Wikipedia.